What does the term "collective bargaining" refer to in the context of labor unions?

The term "collective bargaining" specifically refers to the process by which a labor union negotiates with employers to establish the terms of employment on behalf of its members. This process typically involves discussions about wages, working conditions, benefits, and other workplace regulations. The key aspect of collective bargaining is that it allows workers, through their union representatives, to negotiate as a group rather than as individuals. This collective approach strengthens the bargaining power of employees, leading to better terms and conditions of employment as a unified body.

The other choices do not capture the essence of collective bargaining. Individual negotiations do not confer the advantages of collective strength and solidarity, while determining leadership positions involves different processes unrelated to employment contracts. Lastly, attendance at negotiations is not a fundamental characteristic of collective bargaining itself, although participation can be encouraged by unions.